Summary of Article on Public Administration

The article under consideration is called The Present and (Normative) Future of Public Administration and Implications for ASPA taken from the journal of Public Administration Review. Eikenberry (2009), the author of the article, believes that ASPA future is closely connected with recent institutional tendencies in public administration that are formed by contemporary network governance. In this regard, the future implications for ASPA’s activities are quite significant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Article on Public Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The work in question is a theoretical analysis of problems in the sphere of public administration dedicated to the problems of morality and ethics. It is based on empirical and theoretical studies where the author attains significant attention to normative theory. In particular, the author puts forward the idea that the government a uthority is necessary for establishing and proliferating democratic processes and regimes. This encouragement will consist in an attempt to renew moral and ethical values of social equality and fairness. However, the contemporary government fails to understand those concepts using them for their own purposes. Living in a post-traditional society, hence, there is a growing necessity to develop new social and political governance skills contributing to maintaining openness and transparency in society. According to Eikenberry (2009), ASPA should focus on enhancing social and democratic equity within the government institution. In order to support this standpoint, the author forecasts the major benefits of introducing this reform to the field of public administration. Hence, democratic orientation entails that ASPA and related associations will have greater opportunities to take part in the process of policy-making and develop political and governance skills. In addition, the author bel ieves that encouraging democracy will lead to political fairness in decision-making. The arguments presented in the article to support the major thesis are quite persuasive and provide a broader outlook on the current state of affaires in the American society. In order to prove the appropriateness of shifting from government to network governance, Eikenberry (2009) presents an original view on the government authorizes and contributions to the development of the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While exploring the problem through the prism of normative theory, the author researchers the importance of questions related to the transparency and democracy within the public sector. In particular, Ekienberry (2009) seeks to identify the method for maintaining the public’s perception of morally justified actions. While analyzing all controversial stand points of the article, it should be stressed that the author has approached to the problem very subtly, with full comprehension of existing problems. In general, the article is well-structured and organized as the author applies effective techniques and theories to support each component of a hypothesis. In particular, Eikenberry (2009) begins her investigation with historical aspects of government formation and ends with viable and pivotal solutions to the challenges connected with the introduction of new democratic values and strategies. Being logical and consistent in building the arguments, the article enables readers to track the main essence of the problem throughout the article. The article under analysis is of great value for practitioners as it presents clear information about the contemporary aspects of governmental polices with regard to existing public professional associations, such as ASPA. It enables to understand the role of democracy and social equity in building tr ansparent relations between people and the government. What is more important is that the article displays effective solutions for improving the field of public administration from the theoretical and practical viewpoint. Reference List Eikenberry, A. M. (2009, November – December). The Present and (Normative) Future of Public Administration and Implications for ASPA. Public Administration Review. 69(6), pp. 1060-1067. This essay on Summary of Article on Public Administration was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

If Academic Assignments Were Superheroes...

If Academic Assignments Were Superheroes... Superheroes vs. Essays Hey everyone! Have you ever thought about how similar or different may be academic assignments and Marvel heroes? Essay Captain America They both are symbols of freedom and liberty. Captain America is one of the most recognizable heroes in the history of comics as well as the essay in the field of academic writings. Essays require primary hero skills such as the ability to express ideas clearly, logically and correctly. Captain America and essays are simple but not simplistic. As the most effective commander of the writings army, essay leads its soldiers to victory in the great fight of completing writing assignments and getting good grades. Having the types of formal and informal, it represents different armies which attack by different means, helping you to win the war master the subject you study. Five Five-Paragraph Essay Ant-Man Five paragraph essay? You surely can do that. It looks like an Ant-Man. It makes you college life easier while becoming small like an ant comparing to ordinary essays. This academic Ant-Man has its particular structure, so you need to follow detailed guide writing it. Five paragraph essay has one unique feature; it can become bigger or smaller according to your teacher demands. What is the secret of successful writing? First of all, get your reader involved in your essay, prove your point by adding the strongest argumentation, make your essay well-structured and be sure your paper will impress everyone with its power. Five paragraph essay will protect you from low grades just like Ant-Man protects people from villains. Short essay Hawkeye Short essays always hit the target. They are sharp like Hawkeyes arrows. This type of essays requires skillful aiming to hit the topic you are mastering. Be brief like a shot, be precise like a hawk eye and you will get high grades for your writings. Make sure that topic is fully covered, and the main idea of your writing is clearly written. Take care of the structure; build the sentences in the right way. All in all, tips for this type of writing are the same as those for an ordinary essay, but the main idea is to be brief. Dissertation Hulk When you face mastering a scientific degree in any sphere, its time for you to face the great, mighty and big dissertation. Does this description fit someone like Hulk? You are right. Dissertation is like a Hulk among all types of writing. It smashes and crushes loads of information to get the one required. Only research of information requires great physical and mental health, many days and nights of careful work. The hardest thing is to gather everything into one perfect finished masterpiece. Your dissertation is a reflection of all your scientific achievements, your previous success, and faults. Book report Iceman By all means, book report can be compared with one of the superheroes Iceman. To deal with that type of writing assignments, you should perfectly master the skill of talking to yourself. Like Iceman has learned to control his powers, this type of writing will force you to control your thoughts entirely and have a great fight while covering your topic and telling your feelings about the subject of writing. 500 words essay Invisible Woman 500 words essay seems to be almost invisible task. Like the Invisible Woman, it will stand among the great number of writing assignments unnoticeable. However, the role of such invisible tasks is significant. They help to improve the skill of exact thinking, being brief and critically thinking over the required topic. Defensive powers of 500 words essay are exceptional. It goes shoulder to shoulder with you during your studying. This type of essay supports your GPA with positive marks that give you good results in the end. Research paper Iron Man Research paper is a kind of an essay which wears a special suit of your personal interpretation or argumentation. Like Tony Stark puts on the Iron Man suit, you dress your essay with your opinions, provide ground research on required topic and as a result, you get perfectly written research paper. The main aim of paper in a suit is to teach you to deal with different kinds of writing assignments connected with research. After finishing research paper, you will be able to win all the battles that require critical thinking. Thesis statement Spider-Man All of your writings should have significant point, particular idea or a central message. Thesis statement looks like Spider-Mans thread which is taken from a great net of the covered topic. The prime aim of such writing is to define main ideas of the topic and show your readers the points that are worth drawing attention to. Parts of the written thesis have accorded with your topic and create the clear net of our paper structure and informational order of your thoughts. Coursework Thor Coursework is always a daunting challenge. It hits you with a thunderbolt like Thors hammer when you are unprepared. On the other hand, it can become armor against the army of professors not willing to give you a high grade for it. It usually includes practice (that can be even alchemy), writing part and research part. Sometimes you may prepare your paper within a team. Cooperation helps each member of your team to make his contribution to one joint project. Be prepared in the proper way to the great battle and always have your hammer in the working state, and you can be sure that the flight through finishing course will be pleasant, and the enemies will be prostrated. 3000 words essay Wolverine 3000 words essay is one of the biggest of all writings. Completing these paper can be a rather complicated task for a person who had never faced it. Coping with it can be compared with Wolverines coping with anger. Each page is like one of the cold steel knives from under your skin which exactly hit the aim of the subject required. Luckily such words count can be attained by anyone, so take your time and do your best. Give a full coverage of the topic and youll get an A grade as a healing for your suffering.

Arrhenius Acid Definition and Examples

Arrhenius Acid Definition and Examples An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in  water to form hydrogen ions or protons. In other words, it increases the number of H ions in the water. In contrast, an Arrhenius base dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions, OH-. The H ion is also associated with the water molecule in the form of a hydronium ion, H3O and follows the reaction: acid H2O → H3O conjugate base What this means is that, in practice, there arent free hydrogen cations floating around in aqueous solution. Rather, the extra hydrogen forms hydronium ions. In more discussions, the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydronium ions are considered interchangeable, but its more accurate to describe hydronium ion formation. According to the Arrhenius description of acids and bases, the water molecule consists of a proton and a hydroxide ion. The acid-base reaction is considered a type of neutralization reaction where the acid and base react to yield water and a salt. Acidity and alkalinity describe the concentration of hydrogen ions (acidity) and hydroxide ions (alkalinity). Examples of Arrhenius Acids A good example of an Arrhenius acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl. It dissolves in water to form the hydrogen ion and chlorine ion: HCl → H (aq) Cl- (aq) Its considered an Arrhenius acid because the dissociation increases the number of hydrogen ions in the aqueous solution. Other examples of Arrhenius acids include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrobromic acid (HBr),  and nitric acid (HNO3). Examples of Arrhenius bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).

Martin luther king jr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Martin luther king jr - Research Paper Example Martin Luther King Jr. was born in January 15, 1929. His grandfather served Baptist Church in Atlanta from 1914 to 1931. After the death of his father, he served at the church as a co-pastor. At the age of 18, King became a Baptist minister. After completing his graduation in 1948 from Morehouse College, he attained his PhD degree from Boston University in systematic theology. King then served Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery as a pastor in 1954. King was also nominated as a member of the executive committee of the National Association. It was one of the major organizations who was working for the rights and advancement of Black people. One of the initial civil rights actions of Martin Luther King was when he led the Bus Boycott. A lady Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man which resulted in this Boycott. King was leading the blacks in this Boycott, which was against the segregation in buses for black and white and it lasted over a year. Martin had to pay a lot for leading this Boycott as his house was bombed and he was jailed too but his efforts worked finally. He came out of the jail and the discrimination in the buses came to an end. Martin Luther King, in 1963, also organized a March consisting off 250,000 people. The aim of the march was to protest against discrimination in schools, employments etc. During this march, he delivered a famous speech titled as "I have a Dream". This resulted in a great achievement when, in 1964, a civil rights act was passed. He also made a major contribution in writing by becoming the author of five books. For his restless contribution against African-Americans segregation, King was awarded with noble prize only at the young age of thirty. He further proved himself to be a leader devoted to his objectives when he announced to donate the prize money for civil rights movement. He was

Foreign investment and country risks in Saudi Arabia Dissertation

Foreign investment and country risks in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example 1.2 Introduction The research report is about the FDI prospects in Saudi Arabia. The researcher has made an attempt to conduct primary research with the help of interviews ad questionnaires to analyse the topic along with an in-depth analysis of some previous researches of the topic. 1.3 Background According to Vazquez, Fournier & Flores (2009, pp.257-270), Saudi Arabia, being a developing country, has a large amount of foreign direct investment. The country’s government has made heavy investments in the infrastructure so that FDI is attracted. The government welcomes FDI as it brings in technology, employment opportunities, trained workforce, makes efficient use of domestic raw materials and enhances economic development. As per Korgstup & Matter (2005), forty five percent of the GDP and 90% of the export earnings are from the petroleum sector. The country’s economic development is also dependent upon 6 million overseas workers. With the signing of the World Trade Orga nization agreement, many opportunities have opened for investment in the country especially in the oil and service sector where the country is concentrating on producing the products rather than exporting raw materials. According to Benbya, Passiante and Belbaly (2004, pp. 201–220)m Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may be defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. This involves a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate that together make a transnational corporation (TNC). For such an agreement to be termed as FDI, the parent firm should have the control over the other affiliate. However, Korgstup & Matter (2005) argues, any sort of investment in a foreign land should done carefully as there may be several risks involved and many issues may occur over the course of the investment. For example language and cultural barriers in Saudi Arabia limit the scope of the investment tremendously and therefore the investor should have a through understanding of the market he is venturing. Moreover, there may be differences in business negotiation styles, religion, social norms and etiquettes that may impact the FDI. The report of UNCTAD (2002), on Foreign Direct Investment to the Middle East countries recorded a decrease of 33% dropping in 2002, from $6.7 billion in 2001 to $4.5 billion in 2002, that accounted for approximately 2.8% of total FDI inflow in the Developing Countries. This was mainly due to the regional political unrest, which in turn had an impact on their global business relationships. Moreover, according to Korgstup & Matter (2005) the region along with Saudi Arabia is not a plausible place for foreign investment due to such unrest and investors are seeking new markets for their future investment due to these political vagaries. 1.3 Aims of the Dissertation: 1.3.1 The objectives of the research are to: 1.Identify the various ris ks that a foreign investment faces in Saudi Arabia and how they affect foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is essential for Saudi Arabia and is essential for the growth of the country. However, there are many problems and difficulties that foreign investors have to face when they invest in Saudi Arabia, which deters new investors to explore this market. In this research an attempt will be made to identify these problems and issues that are causing difficulties for these foreign firms that in turn are affecting foreign direct

Woman Hollering Creek - Short story Essay Example for Free

Woman Hollering Creek Short story Essay Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories is a book of short stories published in 1991 by San Antonio-based Mexican-American writer Sandra Cisneros. The collection reflects Cisneross experience of being surrounded by American influences while still being familially bound to her Mexican heritage as she grew-up north of the Mexico-US border. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories These tales focus on the social role of women, and their relationships with the men and other women in their lives. The majority of the characters are stereotypes: men embody machismo while women are naà ¯ve and generally weak. Cisneros focuses on three feminine clichà ©s: the passive virgin, sinful seductress, and traitorous mother.[1] Not properly belonging to either Mexico or America, the Chicana protagonists earnestly search for their identity, only to discover abuse and shattered dreams. Apart from focusing on these issues of struggling females, Cisneros simultaneously develops the readers sensitivity towards the lives of immigrants. First edition cover Author The vignettes are quite short on average; the longest is 29 pages, while the shortest is fewer than five paragraphs. Despite such limited space, Cisneros experiments with daring poetic prose in her storytelling; for example, each story presents a new character with a distinct literary voice and style. Such writing has earned her the title of an accomplished Chicana poet, with the added credentials of her published books of poetry My Wicked Wicked Ways (1987) and Loose Woman (1994).[2]

Pathogenesis of Anthrax :: Anthrax

There are two main factors that are important for an anthrax infection: bacterial proliferation (growth) and invasion of organ systems and the â€Å"†¦cytotoxic effect of anthrax toxin, with eventual organ failure and death† (Karginov). The first factor occurs once the host has been infected. This infection will never be reached if it were not for a very important characteristic of the bacterium: its ability to form spores. Sporulation occurs in the soil and on culture media but â€Å"†¦not in living tissue, unless exposed to air† (Sakarya). These spores are formed by B. anthracis in soil when the environment becomes inhospitable to growth due to a variety of factors including drought, excessive heat, lack of nutrients, or presence of harsh chemicals. The formation of a spore begins when a bacterium replicates its chromosome and places it within a hard shell. Once the outer cell wall dissolves, the endospore (â€Å"inner spore†) is released. This spore can lie dormant in its environment for a long period of time and survive many harsh conditions. Once the environment is favorable for growth, â€Å"†¦the spore will rehydrate to form a vegetative bacterium† (Campbell). Endospores are highly resistant to UV light, temperature extremes, high pH, drying, high salinity (salt) levels, different types of disinfection, and even time. An experiment conducted at Iowa State University in 1978, â€Å"†¦showed that a 50-year old vial of anthrax spores could still give rise to live bacteria† (Boyer). The two main methods for killing spores are incineration and high-pressure steam. The temperature required by these methods that will result in spore death is 240?F. Most laboratories and hospitals use similar conditions to sterilize instruments in an autoclave. Without the help of these spores, the chance for infection by B. anthracis would decrease dramatically. Once a host is infected by the spores and germinates, producti on of a capsule and three toxin proteins takes place. This leads to an important factor of anthrax infection involving the three toxin proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). To produce â€Å"†¦active toxins, PA must bind to cellular receptors and then to either EF or LF†(Joellenbeck). Binding of the protective antigen to either of the other two toxin proteins will form â€Å"†¦complexes which penetrate the patient’s cells to cause massive cell swelling and rapid cardiovascular collapse† (Hersack). These complexes will contribute to causing the disease. The edema toxin forms edema, which might â€Å"increase host susceptibility to infection with B.

Chemistry Investigatory Project

CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES 2012, 28(3), 415—418 Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco by Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection SUN Jin-ying1, XU Xiao-yu1,2, YU Huan1 and YOU Tian-yan1* 1. State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China; 2. Ministry of Public Security of Jilin Province, Changchun 130051, P. R.China Abstract A sensitive, simple and low-cost method based on capillary electrophoresis(CE) with electrochemical(EC) detection at a carbon fiber microdisk electrode(CFE) was developed for the determination of nicotine. Effects of detection potential, concentration and pH value of the phosphate buffer, and injection time as well as separation voltage were investigated. Under the optimized conditions: a detection potential of 1. 20 V, 40 mmol/L phosphate buffer(pH 2. 0), a sample injection time of 10 s at 10 kV and a separation voltage of 16 kV, the linear range obtained was from 5. 0? 10–7 mol/L to 1. 0? 0–4 mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0. 9989 and the limit of detection(LOD, S/N=3) obtained was 5. 0? 10–8 mol/L. The method was also used to determine the nicotine in cigarettes. Nicotine amount ranged from 0. 211 mg/g to 0. 583 mg/g in the pipe tobacco of seven brands of cigarette and the amount in one cigarette varied from 0. 136 mg/cigarette to 0. 428 mg/cigarette. Keywords Capillary electrophoresis; Electrochemical detection; Nicotine; Tobacco Article ID 1005-9040(2012)-03-415-04 1 Introduction Nicotine accounts for about 98%(mass fraction) of the total alkaloids and presents in a concentration of 0. %? 8% (mass fraction) in tobacco[1,2]. And nicotine addiction is related with higher risk for many kinds of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and even suicide[3,4]. Thus it’s necessary to control nicotine amount in tobacco products. Determination of nicotine is ver y important in both the tobacco industry and toxicology area[5]. A lot of analytical methods have been established for the analysis of nicotine and related alkaloids, such as radioimmunoassay[6], spectrophotometry[5], near-infrared spectroscopy[7], and recently flow injection(FI) with electrochemiluminescence(ECL) detection[8].The most frequently used analytical techniques for nicotine and its relative compounds determination are high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)[9? 15] and gas chromatography (GC)[16? 23] with mass spectrometry(MS). Besides, HPLC coupled with UV-visible absorption(UV)[24? 28] or GC with flame ionization detector(FID)[1,29,30] and atomic emission detector(AED)[31] have also been developed to determine nicotine and related alkaloids. Capillary electrophoresis(CE) is characterized by high separation efficiency, short analysis time and a small amount of reagent consumed.Moreover, capillary column is flexible for use, easy to be treated with and cost effective . CE has been considered as an efficient alternative for HPLC technique[32]. Up to now, various detectors have been combined with CE separation for nicotine analysis, such as CE-MS[33,34], nonaqueous CE(NACE)-MS[35], CE-UV[36? 38], microchip mi- cellar electrokinetic chromatography(microchip MEKC)-UV[39] and CE with dual light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LEDIF) and ECL detection[40]. Electrochemical(EC) detection has received more attention due to the simple manipulation and good selectivity.Electrocatalytic oxidation properties of nicotine have been investigated at multi-walled carbon nanotube-alumina-coated silica nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode(MWCNTACS-GCE), MWCNT-GCE and pencil graphite electrode[3,41,42]. HPLC with EC detection has been used for nicotine assay in plasma and hair[43,44]. NACE-EC was also established for tobacco nicotine detection[45]. In this paper, a simple CE-EC analytical procedure at a carbon fiber microdisk electrode(CFE) was develo ped. The linear range was 5. 0? 10–7? 1. 0? 10–4 mol/L, with a correlation coefficient of 0. 989. The limit of detection(LOD, S/N=3) obtained was 5. 0? 10–8 mol/L. To evaluate the applicability of the proposed CE-EC method, seven different cigarette brands were tested. Nicotine amounts ranged from 0. 211 mg/g to 0. 583 mg/g in pipe tobacco of seven brands of cigarette and the amount in one cigarette varied from 0. 136 mg/cigarette to 0. 428 mg/cigarette. 2 2. 1 Experimental Reagents All the reagents were of analytical grade that were used as received without further purification. Nicotine(purity 99. 7%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar(USA). Stock solution of 1. ? 10–3 mol/L nicotine was prepared in doubly distilled water ——————————— *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email  protected] jl. cn Received June 20, 2011; accepted November 24, 2011. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 20875085). 416 CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES Vol. 28 and stored at 4  °C. Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, H3PO4 and NaOH were used for phosphate buffer solutions(PBS) preparation. All the solutions were prepared and diluted with doubly distilled water unless otherwise indicated. PBS was prepared daily with doubly distilled water.All the solutions were filtered through a 0. 22 ? m membrane before use. Different brands of cigarette were purchased from local market. high detection sensitivity. As shown in Fig. 2, with the increase of the applied detection potential, the current response increased slowly between 0. 70 and 1. 00 V, and then increased quickly between 1. 00 and 1. 20 V. Higher detection potential than 1. 20 V led to a peak current decrease and background noise increase. To achieve high detection sensitivity, 1. 20 V was selected as the optimum applied detection potential. 2. 2 ApparatusEC experiment was conducted with a Voltammetric Analyzer(CHI 800, USA). A conventional three-electrode system was employed with a 33-? m CFE as working electrode, a Pt wire as counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl electrode as reference electrode. An uncoated fused-silica capillary with i. d. of 25 ? m and length of 45 cm(Ruifeng Chromatogram Equipment Co. , Ltd. , Hebei, China) was used for sampling and separation. Capillary was rinsed in 0. 1 mol/L NaOH overnight before use. Every day before experiments, it was flushed with doubly distilled water for about 10 min and balanced with running buffer for about 15 min.CE-EC was conducted on a self-assembly instrument including a Voltammetric Analyzer(CHI 800, USA) and a high voltage supplier(MPI-A, Remax Electronic Co. , Ltd. , Xi’an, China). Sample injection was performed electrokinetically for 10 s at 10 kV. Fig. 2 HDV investigation of nicotine c(Nicotine)=1. 0? 10–5 mol/L; sample injection: 10 s at 10 kV; separation voltage: 20 kV; CE buffer: 40 mmol/L PBS(pH 2. 0); cell buffer: 0. 1 mol/L PBS(pH 8. 0). 3. 3 Optimization of CE-EC Conditions 3 3. 1 Results and Discussion Cyclic Voltammetry(CV) CV was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of nicotine.A dramatic current increased from 0. 70 V was observed for nicotine(Fig. 1, curve b) compared with that of background electrolyte(Fig. 1, curve a), indicating that nicotine had high electroactivity at CFE. The adsorption property of CFE for nicotine was also investigated under CV experiment, however, no adsorption phenomenon of nicotine was observed. Since the oxidation potential of nicotine was not high at CFE, CE coupled with EC at CFE is practical for nicotine determination. Some other important factors including buffer concentration and buffer pH as well as separation voltage were investigated.Running buffer pH value influences the charge-mass ratio of the analyte and then influences the electrophoresis behavior of the analyte. We investigated the effect of pH values on the detection between pH 2. 0 and pH 10. 0 as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Effect of pH of CE buffer on detection of nicotine pH: a. 2; b. 4; c. 6; d. 8; e. 10. Separation voltage: 14 kV; other conditions were the same as those in Fig. 2. Fig. 1 Cyclic voltammetry curve of nicotine a. Background electrolyte, 0. 1 mol/L PBS(pH 8. 0); b. 1. 0? 10–3 mol/L nicotine; scan rate: 0. 05 V/s. 3. Hydrodynamic Voltammogram(HDV) Investigation Since applied detection potentials influence the detection sensitivity, thus we investigated the HDV of nicotine to achieve At pH 2. 0, nicotine was fully protonated and electroosmotic flow(EOF) was well restrained. EC response was the highest at pH 2. 0, and then decreased with the increase of pH value. With the increase of pH value, the migration time decreased correspondingly. Strong acidic CE buffer pH is more beneficial to sensitive and selective determination of nicotine. In consideration of the detection sensitivity, pH 2. was selected as the proper CE buffer pH value. Separation voltage is an important factor that influences the detection sensitivity and the migration time. When the separation voltage was changed from 10 kV to 20 kV, the migration time decreased from 14 min to 7 min correspondingly. No. 3 SUN Jin-ying et al. 417 As for EC response, when the separation voltage increased from 10 kV to 18 kV, the EC intensity of nicotine increased quickly, after that it decreased quickly from 18 kV to 20 kV(shown in Fig. 4). Detection sensitivity at 16 kV was higher than that at 18 kV.In consideration of the detection sensitivity, 16 kV was selected as the optimum separation voltage. supermarket. Pipe tobacco of 0. 1 g was weighed and placed in a polyethylene tube, in which 10 mL of solvent was added for nicotine extraction. Then, 10  µL of the extraction solution was transferred into a new polyethylene tube and diluted 100 times by doubly distilled water and the diluted extraction solution was used for analysis. 4. 2 Investigation of Extraction Solvents Fig. 4 Effect of separation voltage on detection of nicotine Applied detection potential: 1. 20 V; other conditions are as those in Fig. . 3. 4 Linear Range and LOD To obtain high extraction efficiency, solvents including water, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate were investigated. Current response of nicotine extracted with different solvents is shown in Fig. 5. Current response of nicotine was the highest when water was used as solvent. Methanol was also efficient for the extraction of nicotine from pipe tobacco. However, when methanol was used as solvent, migration time prolonged and the baseline shifted. When chloroform was used for extraction, current response was about 36% of that when water was used for extraction.Only very low response was found when ethyl acetate was used as solvent. Water was selected as nicotine extraction solvent for the highest nicotine current response obtained. Under the selected conditions: an applied detection potential of 1. 20 V; sample injection for 10 s a t 10 kV; a separation voltage of 16 kV; 40 mmol/L PBS(pH 2. 0) as running buffer and 0. 1 mol/L PBS(pH 8. 0) as detection buffer, EC response of nicotine was linear with concentration from 5. 0? 10–7 mol/L to 1. 0? 10–4 mol/L(81? 16200  µg/L)(y = –0. 2566+0. 4884x, R2= 0. 9978) and LOD(S/N=3) of nicotine was determined to be 5. 0? 10–8 mol/L(8.  µg/L). The proposed CE-EC method was compared with HPLC-MS[9,10], HPLC-UV[24,28], CE-UV[38,39], CE-MS[34], CE-LEDIF-ECL[40], microchip CE-UV[39], NACE-MS[35] and NACE-EC[45] methods(Table 1). From Table 1 we can know that linear range and LOD of CE-EC are nearly comparable with those of HPLC-MS[9] and UV[24] or NACE-EC[45] methods and CE-EC is almost 2000 times more sensitive than microchip CE method. Table 1 Method HPLC-MS HPLC-MS FI-ECL HPLC-UV HPLC-UV CE-MS NACE-MS CE-UV Micorchip CE-UV CE-LEDIF-ECL NACE-EC CE-EC Fig. 5 Extraction solvent comparison a. Water; b. methanol; c. chloroform; d. ethyl acetate.Sep aration voltage: 16 kV; injection: 10 s at 10 kV; applied detection potential: 1. 20 V; cell buffer: 0. 1 mol/L PBS(pH 8. 0); CE buffer: 40 mmol/L PBS(pH 2. 0). 4. 3 Extraction Time Investigation Comparison of CE-EC with other methods for nicotine determination Linear range/(? g ·L–1) 10? 10000 1? 100 0? 16000 25? 500 250? 100000 — 500? 100000 1724? 17240 — — 100? 10000 81? 16200 LOD/(? g ·L–1) 10 1 0. 19 8 100 0. 55 20 — 16000 259. 2 13 8. 1 Ref. [9] [8] [22] [24] [28] [34] [35] [38] [39] [40] [45] Our method The influence of extraction time on nicotine detection was investigated between 2 and 7 h.When extraction time was increased from 2 h to 4 h, the nicotine response kept increasing. But when extraction time continued to increase, the current response decreased, which may be due to the nicotine decomposition under room conditions. We chose 4 h as proper extraction time based on the experiment result. 4. 4 Tobacco Analysis 4 4. 1 Ciga rette Analysis Extraction Procedure Seven brands of cigarettes were purchased from local Pipe tobacco of 0. 1 g of each seven brands of cigarettes was weighed respectively and 10 mL of doubly distilled water was used for nicotine extraction.Nicotine amounts ranged from 0. 211 mg/g to 0. 583 mg/g in the pipe tobacco of each of seven brands of cigarettes. Nicotine amount in one cigarette varied from 0. 136 mg/cigarette to 0. 428 mg/cigarette(as listed in Table 2). The results obtained are slightly less than the amounts reported in the literature[46]. With the increase of nicotine concentration, the recovery decreased. For 5. 0? 10–6, 5. 0? 10–5 and 5. 0? 10–4 mol/L of nicotine, the recoveries were 80%, 75% and 418 CHEM. RES. CHINESE UNIVERSITIES [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] B, 2006, 844, 322 Vol. 28 72%, respectively(n=3).Table 2 Nicotine amounts in pipe tobacco and cigarette obtained by CE-EC analysis Number of tobacco sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nicotine amo unt in pipe tobacco/(mg ·g–1) 0. 518 0. 502 0. 454 0. 211 0. 583 0. 454 0. 421 Nicotine amount in cigarette/ (mg ·cigarette–1) 0. 337 0. 355 0. 316 0. 136 0. 428 0. 327 0. 276 Man C. N. , Gam L. H. , Ismail S. , Lajis R. , Awang R. , J. Chromatogr. Lafay F. , Vulliet E. , Flament-Waton M. M. , Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 2010, 396, 937 Shrivas K. , Patel D. K. , Food Chem. , 2010, 122, 314 Bao M. L. , Joza P. , Rickert W. S. , Lauterbach J. H. , Anal. Chim. Acta, 2010, 663, 49 Sharp M. P. , Hale T.W. , Hackett L. P. , Kristensen J. H. , Ilett K. F. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2003, 796, 173 Jablonski J. E. , Schlesser J. E. , Mariappagoudar P. , J. Agric. Food Chem. , 2006, 54, 7460 Nakajima M. , Kwon J. T. , Tanaka E. , Yokoi T. , Anal. Biochem. , 2002, 302, 131 Doctor P. B. , Gokani V. N. , Kulkarni P. K. , Parikh J. R. , Saiyed H. N. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2004, 802, 323 Chang Y. L. , Tsai P. L. , Chou Y. C. , Tien J. H. , Tsai T. H. , J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1088, 152 Zuo Y. G . , Zhang L. L. , Wu J. P. , Fritz J. W. , Medeiros S. , Rego C. , Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, 526, 35 Cai J. B. , Liu B. Z. , Lin P. , Su Q. D. J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 1017, 187 Stevens N. A. , Borgerding M. F. , Anal. Chem. , 1999, 71, 2179 Kowalski P. , Marszall M. , Oledzka L. , Czarnowski W. , Chromatographia, 2007, 66, 357 Palmer M. E. , Smith, R. F. , Chambers K. , Tetler L. W. , Rapid Commun. Spectrom. , 2001, 15, 224 Baidoo E. E. K. , Clench M. R. , Smith R. F. , Tetler L. W. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2003, 796, 303 Chiu C. W. , Liang H. H. , Huang H. Y. , Electrophoresis, 2007, 28, 4220 Lu G. H. , Ralapati S. , Electrophoresis, 1998, 19, 19 Yang S. S. , Smetena I. , Chromatographia, 1995, 40, 375 Ralapati S. , J. Chromatogr. B, 1997, 695, 117 Newman C.D. , Giordano B. C. , Copper C. L. , Collins G. E. , Electrophoresis, 2008, 29, 803 Chang P. L. , Lee K. H. , Hu C. C. , Chang H. T. , Electrophoresis, 2007, 28, 1092 Xiong H. Y. , Zhao Y. F. , Liu P. , Zhang X. H. , Wang S. F. , Micro chim. Acta, 2010, 168, 31 Levent A. , Yardim Y. , Senturk Z. , Electrochim. Acta, 2009, 55, 190 Chien C. Y. , Diana J. N. , Crooks P. A. , J. Pharmaceut. Sci. , 1988, 77, 277 Mahoney G. N. , Al-Delaimy W. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 753, 179 Matysik F. M. , J. Chromatogr. A, 1999, 853, 27 Ruiz-Rodriguez A. , Bronze M. R. , da Ponte M. N. , J. Supercrit. Fluid. , 2008, 45, 171 References 1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Sheng L. Q. , Ding L. , Tong H. W. , Yong G. P. , Zhou X. Z. , Liu S. M. , Chromatographia, 2005, 62, 63 Solarino B. , Rosenbaum F. , Rie? elmann B. , Buschmann C. T. , Tsokos M. , Forensic Sci. Int. , 2010, 195, e19 Wang S. J. , Liaw H. W. , Tsai Y. C. , Electrochem. Commun. , 2009, 11, 733 Moriya F. , Hashimoto Y. , Furumiya J. , Forensic Sci. Int. , 2007, 168, 102 Rai M. , Ramachandran K. N. , Gupta V. K. , Analyst, 1994, 119, 1883 Langone J. J. , Gjika H. B. , Vunakis H. V. , Biochem. , 1973, 12, 5025 Zhang Y. , Co ng Q. Xie Y. F. , Zhao B. , Chem. J. Chinese Universities, 2009, 30(4), 697 Lin M. S. , Wang J. S. , Lai C. H. , Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53, 7775 Tuomi T. , Johnsson T. , Reijula K. , Clin. Chem. , 1999, 45, 2164 Stolker A. A. M. , Niesing W. , Hogendoorn E. A. , Rambali A. B. , Vleeming W. , J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 1020, 35 Ryu H. J. , Seong M. W. , Nam M. H. , Kong S. Y. , Lee D. H. , Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , 2006, 20, 2781 Murphy S. E. , Villalta P. , Ho S. W. , von Weymarn L. B. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2007, 857, 1 Gray T. R. , Shakleya D. M. , Huestis M. A. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2008, 863, 107 Kataoka H. Inoue R. , Yagi K. , Saito K. , J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. , 2009, 49, 108 Miller E. I. , Norris H. R. K. , Rollins D. E. , Tiffany S. T. , Wilkins D. G. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2010, 878, 725 Ji A. J. , Lawson G. M. , Anderson R. , Dale L. C. , Croghan I. T. , Hurt R. D. , Clin. Chem. , 1999, 45, 85 Shin H. S. , Kim J. G. , Shin Y. J. , Jee S. H. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 769, 177 Wu W. J. , Ashley D. L. , Watson C. H. , Anal. Chem. , 2002, 74, 4878 Kim I. , Darwin W. D. , Huestis M. A. , J. Chromatogr. B, 2005, 814, 233 [44] [45] [46] [42] [43] [41] [40] [36] [37] [38] [39] [35] [34] [33] [31] [32] [30] [29] [28]

The Red Cross

Kevin Smith The Red Cross is an International organization that thrives on donations and the kindness of others to succeed. This Red Cross supports military families, disaster relief, health and safety training along with education, and blood drives that save thousands of lives yearly. The Red Cross started In the year 1881 and was mainly used to help wounded soldiers from the battlefield. â€Å"The global Red Cross has evolved into the world's largest humanitarian network- the only non-governmental organization with specific irresponsibleness outlined In the Geneva conventions†(RedCross, 2013). The Red Cross has established itself in the cyber community to succeed. With online donations exceeding 36 million dollars the Red Cross has been able to far exceed anything It did In the years prior to the Internet. The Red cross relies on its volunteers as its strength to work donation sites for all actions the organization participates in. The challenges the Red Cross faces today is the ability to keep enough volunteers on hand to run the organization. While the Red cross has full time members like any business this organizations success comes from those willing to help. The challenges the Red Cross faces In the media environment include many things. System hacking can be seen as hackers will set up take websites that look like the Red Cross web page. This in turn turns out to be a scam and people will give donations to a hacker Instead of the Red Cross. There can be other challenges out there for this organization that would include government policy. Foreign policy. ND legislative issues that can be strain the mission of the Red Cross. The Instant access the Red Cross has to the world has helped this organization in ways that are unimaginable. The Instant media environment has created an unlimited amount of people it can reach throughout the world. The money raised on dally donations Is lox the amount today ads It was In the uses. This is due to the instant access the world has to the Red Cross. The Red Cross uses the social media during disasters because this is the fastest and most effective way to reach a large number of Individuals.The Instant media environment has done nothing but help the Red Cross succeed. I mentioned earlier that volunteer are a challenge for the Red Cross, but with social media and instant media the Red Cross as been able alleviate some of the stress as they can collect for volunteers over the internet The Red Cross will use multiple tactics to get its message out to the community. The Red Cross will gain its target audience by associating someone within the organization to speak or Interact with the community that Is In question.This tactic is used by military recruiters and it tends to work well with inner city communities as well as communities with language barriers. The Red Cross has volunteers trot all walks tot elite so it would only be natural to use those people trot that community to spread the Red C ross message too particular group of immunity. The internal messaging of the employees Is that of care for the community and to give security to those in need The mission stays the same in the Red Cross and that is to provide care to all walks of life that may need it.The message stays the same internally throughout the world for the Red Cross as well. The Red Cross is not the largest humanitarian organization by doing things the wrong way. The internal structure is sound and solid and provides excellent support to all communities throughout the world. This is done with compassion, time, and hard work on behalf of the employees and the thousands of volunteers within the organization. I researched the Red Cross for numerous hours and found that it takes compassion and dedication too cause to make this organization successful.The Red Cross can be unified with many different events and by anybody willing to put in the time and energy to do so. I recently was a part of the Golf for Life rally which was to raise money and blood donations for the Red Cross. There are other events that happen all over the United States on a daily basis in which blood and money is raised for this organization. This is not only going on in the United States, but all over the world. If a person was to look up how to do an event on the Red Cross website it would show them exactly not only to go about doing it, but also show them ways it can be successful.

Gene One Strategy

Gene One Strategy Free Online Research Papers Gene One, founded by Don Ruiz and four of his colleagues, entered the biotech industry after Teri Robertson’s genetic breakthrough discovery. Teri discrovered that she could manipulate the genes of tomatoes and potatoes to make them resistant to bacteria and plagues leading to the growth of these plants without the use of pesticides, which pleased consumers since they could now buy homegrown products untainted by chemicals. It was after this discovery that Gene One grow to be a $400 million company in only eight years. Due to the rising stocks in Wall Street indices towards interest in biotechnology and Jim Maryanski, Ph.D., FDAs food biotechnology coordinator, establishing the need for biotechnology in the food market, the CEO and his board believed and understood the need to keep a balance between the supply and demand ratio of the market. This understanding represented a dramatic change in Gene One vision and mision. Gene One is now in need to go public (IPO) requiring capital for new development, advertising and marketing, this of course to ensure future success. The time frame established my the board was three years with the goal of achiving conservative annual growth targets of 40 percent. It was toward creating a clear strategy to acomplish this new goal, that Don Ruiz passed away leaviing his shares of stock to his siblings. Now the compaany is without a CEO and the high executives are waiting for siblings to take a decision towards the future of the company. Since Don left the company with a prospective plan for the future, his siblings decided to go forward with their father’s wishes. After continued delegations, the siblings, along with the board of directors, came with the decision of going forward with Don’s original idea of going public. Gene One’s new end vision is as follows: Meet key financial measures to achieve minimum of 40% revenue growth every year and offer an IPO in 36 months. Deliver on corporate imperatives such as increasing productivity, and goal to acquire qualified workforce. Employ Sarbanes Oxley, Internal auditors, and process compliance to meet the requirements of SEC. Grow an adaptable workforce that ensures we can provide the right skills for the right job at the right place at the right time. Achieve effective performance management in which every employee knows their objectives and contributions. Improve communications with our employees through survey, feedback, and face-to-face meetings, etc. In order to achieve the company’s vision, a new strategy is needed along with restructuration of the team members and the addition of new members to the team. Thorough evaluation of every member of the board was required and done by each of the siblings. Knowing the company’s situation, Don’s family is very interested in keeping peace with the company and employees and is trying to fit the possition with the best available candidate that not only will lead the company to success but also will help smooth and/or ease the transition process. Being that said, Don’s family don’t want to recruit externally, the members of the board have been together for eigth years now and they know how to accomplish their goals by working as a team. Therefore, the new CEO will be an internal candidate. The family in conjuction with the board, agreed on appointing Charles Jones due to his reputation for â€Å"smart† risk-taking and his buotechnology connections. Also, Charles has shown that eventhough he didn’t invested in the company, his professional pride is what motivates him to work hard towards the company. Another strategic decision taken by Don’s family and the board, was to request Lucas Antonio, as John Kirby recommended, to come on board the Gene One’s family for the marketting officer position. The board is confident that his experience will help Charles and the rest of the team acomplish a smooth IPO transition. Another strategic decision was needed due to the resignation of a member of the technology research department, Angela Thomas, VP. This lost could have been prevented if the leadership style of Don would have been different and less intimidating. Even though, her replacement was done by doing internal recruiting (Bill Chang), management needs still to motivate Teri Robertson and give her the prespective she requires to stay with the company. The board understand the need for a change in strategic leadershiphas also requested Charles Jones to present a strategic plan to obtain the end vision previoulsy mentioned. Don’s family added the following: The leadership structure should be based on the board request for the new IPO setting. The team should be able to perform according to guidelines and time frames. The commitment should be on both ends; management and board members. Sometimes it is impossible to please both ends, but we can always find away to compromise. At the end, it is all about accomplishing the established goal. Changes must be made to the company’s structure: IPO – In order to go public, a team is needed to guide the company and its employees through every step of the transition (management, research, decision-making process,etc) through good communication practices. Lucas Antonio will be in charge of this team and will report to the board of director. The purpose of this strategic decision is to facilitate the change to the rest of the employees. The addition of Lucas Antonio will create the elaboration of an IPO training program, which will give better understanding of the company’s new path. The Human Resources department will stay under Greg Thoman as before. He will be the â€Å"peace keeper† between management and staff. This department will be in charge of communicating decisions made by the board, changes in regulations, policys, etc, to the employees. Also, this department will be in charge of listening and answering questions or any concerns that may arise within the employees. It is with delicacy and caution that Don’s family is asking the board and the HRD to communicate these news and changes to the company’s employees. Michelle Houghton will maintain her position as Chief Financial Officer. Teri Robertson will maintain her position as Chief Technology Officer, at will. If she decides to stay, the company will provide her with a specialized research team to facilitate the innovation or discovery of those new technologies required to comply with the end vision. The board members, John Kirby and Susan Wells, will also remain at their current position. The leaders/managers of each department will be trained in communication skills and leadership styles. The reasoning behind this is to ensure employees that the company’s leaders are doing the best they can to work as efficient as possible. Knowing that there is not one perfect style of leadership, but that they are willing to learn on how to adapt and cope acording to circumstances and/or scenarios and that one of the basis of team work is effective communication within management and staff. Being that said, The board is ready to face the change and to adapt to the new regulations required for an IPO. The CEO will work in incorporating the values, gains and failures to accommodate this new end vision to help the company to keep moving forward. References Robbins, S. P. Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Research Papers on Gene One StrategyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic EngineeringMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a phrase, or a clause, to the rest of the sentence. The Japanese particles o and no are commonly used and have many functions depending on how it is used it a sentence. Read on for an explanation of these different usages. The Particle "O" The particle o is always written as ã‚’ not 㠁Š. "O": Direct Object Marker When o is placed after a noun, that indicates that the noun is the direct object. Below are a sentence examples of the o particle being used as a direct object marker. Kinou eiga o mimashita. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I watched the movie yesterday.Kutsu o kaimashita. é  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I bought shoes.Chichi wa maiasa Koohii o nomimasu. çˆ ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦Å" Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My father has coffee every morning. While o marks the direct object, some English verbs used in Japanese take the particle ga instead of o. There are not many of these verbs, but here are some examples. hoshii æ ¬ ²Ã£ â€"㠁„ - to wantsuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£   - to likekirai Ã¥ «Å'㠁„ - to dislikekikoeru è Å¾Ã£ â€œÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to hearmieru è ¦â€¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to seewakaru 分㠁‹ã‚‹ - to understand "O": Route of Motion Verbs such as walk, run, pass, turn, drive and go through using the particle o to indicate the route that the movement follows.   Here are sentence examples of o used to indicate the route of motion. Basu wa toshokan no mae o toorimasu. ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€º ³Ã¦â€º ¸Ã© ¤ ¨Ã£  ®Ã¥â€° Ã£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The bus passes in front of the library.Tsugi no kado o magatte kudasai. æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ®Ã¨ §â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ²Ã£ Å'㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š- Please turn the next corner.Dono michi o tootte kuukou ni ikimasu ka. 㠁 ©Ã£  ®Ã© â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã§ © ºÃ¦ ¸ ¯Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Which road do you take to get to the airport? "O": Point of Departure Verbs such as to leave, come out, or get off take the particle o to mark the place from which one gets off or leaves.   The following are sample sentences of the o particle used to indicate a point of departure. Hachi-ji ni ie o demasu. å… «Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I leave home at eight oclock.Kyonen koukou o sotsugyou shimashita. åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© «ËœÃ¦   ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€™Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I graduated from high school last year.Asu Tokyo o tatte pari ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ ºÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ªÃ£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - I’m leaving Tokyo for Paris tomorrow. "O": Specific Occupation or Position In this case, the particle o indicates a specific occupation or position, which is usually followed by ~shiteiru or ~shiteimasu. See the following sentences for examples.   Tomoko no otousan wa bengoshi o shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ ­ Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Tomokos father is a lawyer.Watashi no ane wa kangofu o shiteimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã§Å"‹è ­ ·Ã¥ © ¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My sister is a nurse. The Particle "No" The particle no is written out as  Ã£  ®.   "No": Possessive Marker No indicates ownership or attribution. It is similar to the English apostrophe s (s). These sample sentences show how the no particle is used as a possessive marker. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my book.Watashi no ane wa Tokyo ni sunde imasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£  «Ã¤ ½ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My sister lives in Tokyo.Watashi no kaban no nakani kagi ga arimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£  °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£  «Ã©  µÃ£ Å'㠁‚り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- There is a key in my bag. Note that the final noun can be omitted if it is clear to both speaker and listener. For example: Are wa watashi no (kuruma) desu. 㠁‚ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®(è »Å )㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- That is mine (my car). "No": Indicating Position or Location To indicate the relative location of the first noun in a sentence, the no particle is used. Take these phrases for instance: tsukue no ue æÅ" ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å  - on the deskisu no shita 㠁„㠁™ã  ®Ã¤ ¸â€¹ - under the chairgakkou o tonari Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã©Å¡ £ - next to the schoolkouen no mae - å… ¬Ã¥Å"’㠁 ®Ã¥â€°  - in front of the parkwatashi no ushiro ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¾Å'ã‚  - behind me "No": Noun Modification The noun before no modifies the noun after no. This usage is similar to the possessive, but it is seen more with compound nouns or noun phrases. The following sentences show how the no particle can be used to modify a noun. Nihongo no jugyou wa tanoshii desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¦Å½Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The Japanese class is interesting.Bijutsu no hon o sagashite imasu. ç ¾Å½Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I am looking for a book on fine arts. No as a noun modifier can be used many times in one sentence. In this usage, the order of nouns in Japanese is the reverse of English. The normal Japanese order is from large to small, or general to specific. Osaka daigaku no nihongo no sensei Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸ - a teacher of Japanese at Osaka universityyooroppa no kuni no namae ãÆ' ¨Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'‘㠁 ®Ã¥â€º ½Ã£  ®Ã¥  Ã¥â€°  - the names of the countries in Europe "No": Apposition The no particle can also show that the first noun is in apposition to the second noun. For instance: Tomodachi no Keiko-san desu. Ã¥ â€¹Ã© â€Ã£  ®Ã¦  µÃ¥ ­ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my friend, Keiko.Bengoshi no Tanaka-san wa itsumo isogashisou da. Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£  ®Ã§â€ °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The lawyer, Mr. Tanaka seems to be busy all the time.Ano hachijussai no obaasan wa ki ga wakai. 㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã£  °Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ °â€"㠁Å'è‹ ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š - That eighty-year-old woman has a youthful spirit. "No": Sentence Ending Particle No is also used at the end of a sentence. Read up on ​sentence ending particles to learn about the usage.

Is it Cost-Effective to Invest on Simulation Training in order to Dissertation

Is it Cost-Effective to Invest on Simulation Training in order to Improve the Management and Leadership Skills of the Doctors - Dissertation Example ng the doctors’ level of confidence, the provision of simulation programmes is also useful in terms of improving the medical doctors’ competency and patients’ safety. Without the need to practice on patients who are admitted to the hospital, Temple (not known) mentioned that the use of simulation technique will provide each of the doctors the opportunity to review and learn from their own errors and actual performance results. Considering the significance of simulation training programmes over the learning outcomes of the doctors, this study aims whether or not the use of simulation training is cost-effective in terms of improving management and leadership of doctors. To improve the quality of healthcare throughout the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) is promoting medical leadership and management. In line with this, a literature review will be conducted to examine the attitude of the healthcare institutions and people from the academic world wit h regards to the NHS’ active promotion on healthcare management and medical leadership. In general, the NHS is a publicly funded health care organisation. Therefore, in response to the growing healthcare demands in the United Kingdom, the NHS management team should be made responsible and held accountable when it comes to utilising the most out of its investment fund. In order to examine whether or not it is necessary on the part of the NHS to promote the use of simulation training gadgets for doctors, a literature review will be conducted to determine the importance of teamwork, collaboration, and inter-professionalism in the role and responsibilities of the doctors followed by examining the impact of simulation training on teamwork and doctors’ overall work performance. Eventually, this study will... The scope of this study includes examining the attitude of the healthcare institutions and people from the academic world with regards to the NHS’ active promotion on healthcare management and medical leadership, determining the importance of teamwork, collaboration, and inter-professionalism in the role and responsibilities of the doctors, examining the impact of simulation training on teamwork and doctors’ overall work performance; identify possible future improvements with regards to the use of simulation training devices for doctors, and determining how simulation technologies could affect healthcare management and medical leadership throughout the United Kingdom. Furthermore, this study will also determine whether or not the investment on simulation training is cost-effective in terms of improving management and leadership of doctors. Aside from justifying that not all of the NHS’ investment on training simulation programmes for doctors is effective in terms of improving their knowledge and skills on healthcare management and medical leadership, this study will also provides some suggestions on how the NHS will be able to effectively fulfill its healthcare objectives.